Stay connected! Students’ sense of belonging in higher education  0

 January 1, 2021  

Students’ access, inclusiveness and well-being

Not all students enter university with the same economic, social and cultural capital. Therefore, access, inclusiveness and well-being for all are key in developments in higher education across the world. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are part of the broader social tissue and not just places where students acquire academic skills; they also help students become more resilient in the face of adversity and feel more connected with the people around them. Not least, HEIs are the first place where students experience society in all its facets, and those experiences can have a profound influence on students’ attitudes and behavior in life.

Importance of students’ sense of belonging

As higher education becomes increasingly competitive, students come under more pressure to succeed in their grades, which increases their levels of stress. Stress has been linked to mental health problems, which are highly prevalent among the student population and have been shown to impact learning and well-being (Stallman & King, 2016). A number of factors can affect student retention and well-being, including the student’s social experience within the higher education environment. Students’ sense of belonging to their institutions – personal feelings of connectedness to the institution occurring in academic and social spheres – has come to be recognized as one of the most significant factors in students’ success and retention in higher education. While individual characteristics such as personality and propensity to connect may have some impact, it is also acknowledged that institutional factors play an important role. Elements such as the culture of the university or curriculum design may affect the students’ experiences, including their sense of belonging and connection to other students, staff and the institution (Kahu & Nelson, 2018).

COVID-19 pandemic

The lockdowns in response to COVID-19 pandemic have interrupted conventional schooling and in many countries online teaching is now a new routine for many students in higher education, but it presents significant challenges. Many students experience challenges with respect to keeping a sense of belonging to their peers, staff and institution. Students in the most marginalized groups, who don’t have access to digital learning resources or lack the resilience and engagement to learn on their own, are at risk of falling behind. Universities from around the world have been uncertain about how long the COVID-19 crisis will last and how it might affect the mental health of students and faculty.

What to do?

Students have to cope with many challenges, both inside and outside HEIs, which can have immense consequences varying from poor access, low engagement and feelings of distress to delays and drop-out. Yet these challenges and consequences can be different depending on students’ social, cultural, economic and language backgrounds leading to a discrepancy between inclusive access and inclusive outcomes. But how should HEIs take up this massive challenge of access, inclusiveness and well-being for all? For sure not the umpteenth study on how students experience higher education in COVID-19 times. More attention for connecting students, socializing activities, and embodying social settings; less lecturing, testing and calls to account. Let’s stay connected to take up this massive challenge!


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 Higher education, Online learning , , ,

Teaching and learning from home – what we have learned from pre-COVID-19 times  0

 May 9, 2020  

 

The last two decades have been characterized by extensive growth in the use of technology in education, such as the application of virtual learning environments, simulation software, games and gamification, virtual experiments, visualization of complex models as well as tools that enable students and teachers to communicate and collaborate through email, electronic forums, and instant-messaging systems. Due to the measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 schools around the world radically changed to teaching and learning at a distance. What can we learn from 20 years of research on technology-enhanced teaching? Are we exploring new practices or just consolidating our insights into teaching and learning? I present ten implications for distance teaching from home, based on a large body of knowledge on technology-enhanced teaching from pre-COVID-19 times.

 

 

Explore new territories instead of consolidating land

Despite extensive growth in the use of technology in education, innovations in teaching with technology have entered the school sporadically: many teachers use the technology to do what they always have done and choose those activities that will help them accommodate their own perspectives on teaching and learning.

  • Transform distance teaching by exploring new pedagogies instead of transferring pedagogies from pre-COVID-19 times.

 

Focus on the learner, not on teaching

Students differ in their learning needs, preferences and motivation. Yet schools should provide a place for all students no matter their social, cultural, economic, language, and ability background. It is important to understand students’ needs for autonomy and support to align teaching with what students need.

  • Mentor student learning, instead of transferring knowledge online.

 

Share control of learning activities with students

In online learning, with too much learner control, many students feel lost and do not know how to regulate their own learning path; with too much teacher control, many students are not motivated to their do work. Shared control means that students have the autonomy to decide their pace, sequencing, time allotment, practicing and reviewing within a larger framework set by the teacher.

  • The more intrinsically motivated students are, the more learner control can be established.

 

Teach students how to learn

Self-regulation appears to be a crucial aspect in online learning, but many students have difficulties with regulating their own learning activities. The development of self-regulation has not commonly been addressed. And if so, teachers are focused on how to prepare learning activities (planning and making choices) and less on self-regulation during and after learning.

  • Teach and provide feedback on how students can monitor, review and redirect their own learning processes.

 

Insert reflection

Adaptive software has been regularly used to support students in practicing with, for example, language and math skills. Yet learning does not happen so much through the extensive practice, but because students compare and refine information, and surface, criticize, restructure and test intuitive understanding. Students give ‘meaning’ to what they learn. In other words:

  • Encourage students’ reflection on what they have done and achieved.

 

Strengthen active learning

Students should actively construct knowledge by integrating new information and experiences into what they have previously come to understand, revising and reinterpreting old knowledge in order to reconcile it with the new.

  • Acknowledge distance teaching as means of knowledge construction and discovery, rather than as means of passive acceptance of knowledge transfer.

 

Situate learning in real-life world of students

Learning occurs only when students process new information in a meaningful way that makes sense within their own frames of reference. Interested students challenge their existing knowledge and are more likely to develop conceptual frameworks that integrate prior knowledge and new information into understanding. In distance education from home, the link with the real-life world is even more apparent.

  • Connect to students and situate learning in their real-life world

 

Encourage social interaction

Constructing meaning comes from interacting with others – teachers, peers, friend, parents, family and casual acquaintances- to explain, defend, discuss, and assess ideas and challenge, question, and comprehend the ideas of others. Social interaction is a critical component of situated learning –students become involved in a learning community that embodies certain beliefs and behaviors to be acquired.

  • Encourage social interaction to construct meaning and bind students to a learning community

 

Constructively align teaching, assessment, materials and tools

Teaching, learning activities, assessments, materials and tools should be constructively aligned to reach the learning goals that are set. The more these are aligned, the more students target their learning activities to reach the learning goals.

  • Teaching, materials and tools should be aligned to support targeted learning activities of students.

 

Share with colleagues

Many evaluations of technology-enhanced teaching in school show that the more interventions are school-wide approaches, the more shared by teachers and the more effective these are. Students are similarly approached by all teachers and in all school subjects, which strengthens learning effects. Additionally, more effort will be put into the educational design of teaching approaches and practices.

  • Share your practices with colleagues and the more effective yours will be!

 

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 ICT, Online learning, Online teaching, Schools , , ,

Digitalisering hoger onderwijs verkleint toegankelijkheid  0

 February 11, 2020  
Aanleiding

Het notaoverleg van de vaste commissie voor Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap over de Strategische Agenda Hoger Onderwijs heeft veel stof doen opwaaien in de sociale media. Zo is er een voorstel van VVD-kamerlid Dennis Wiersma voor digitalisering van colleges. Zo veel mogelijk colleges zouden voor iedereen gratis online beschikbaar moeten komen. Aankomende studenten zouden dan kunnen beoordelen of een bepaalde studie voor hen geschikt is, digitaal onderwijs zou makkelijk kunnen worden gecombineerd met een baan of zorgtaken en mensen hebben zo altijd toegang tot kennis en kunnen bijblijven in hun vak. Vervolgens heeft vooral de opmerking dat het hoger onderwijs dan ook wel wat goedkoper kan, veel reacties opgeroepen. De Minister lijkt overigens niet erg enthousiast te zijn over dit plan, mede omdat zij inschat dat het juist meer geld kost.

 

Problemen bij online onderwijs

Maar waar de discussie eigenlijk over moet gaan is of digitalisering van hoger onderwijs daadwerkelijk de toegankelijkheid tot kennis verbetert. Er moet een onderscheid worden gemaakt tussen onderwijs(aanbod) en leren. Uit de inmiddels omvangrijke kennisbasis over open online hoger onderwijs weten we dat studenten erg verschillen in de reden waarom zij het onderwijs volgen en deze redenen veranderen ook nog eens gedurende een cursus. Ook verschillen zij in hun voorkennis over het onderwerp, hebben zij verschillende voorkeuren om zich kennis en vaardigheden eigen te maken, en denken dat zij verschillend over wat een student en een docent zou moeten doen in onderwijs. En al deze verschillen zijn niet bekend als het open online onderwijs wordt gemaakt en uitgevoerd.

 

 

Zoveel mogelijk aanbod

De oplossing voor al deze verschillen tussen studenten in open online onderwijs is zoveel mogelijk aanbod klaar zetten waaruit iedere student dan een keuze kan maken. Maar onderzoek heeft al aangetoond dat:

  • veel studenten in open online hoger onderwijs deze benodigde zelfregulatievaardigheden om goed hun weg in het aanbod te vinden onvoldoende bezitten;
  • het geboden onderwijs vooral gericht is op kennisoverdracht door de docent, iets waarvan we al veel langer weten dit niet effectief is, en
  • studenten weinig actief bezig zijn met de inhoud van het onderwijs, iets waarvan we al langer weten dat het juist wel werkt.

 

Dus…

Dit leidt ertoe dat in open online hoger onderwijs goede studenten het meeste leren en de minder goede studenten afhaken of uitvallen. De digitalisering van onderwijs vergroot weliswaar de toegankelijkheid van alles wat er is, maar verkleint de toegankelijkheid van het daadwerkelijk verkrijgen van meer kennis en vaardigheden. Een verschil tussen onderwijs(aanbod) en leren.

 

Literatuur

Hendriks, R. A., de Jong, P. G. M., Admiraal, W. F., Reinders, M. E. J. (2019). Teaching modes and social-epistemological dimensions in Medical Massive Open Online Courses: Lessons for integration in campus education. Medical Teacher, 41(8), 917-926.
Hendriks, R. A, Jong, P. G. M., Admiraal, W. F., & Reinders, M. E. J. (2020). Instructional design quality in medical Massive Open Online Courses for integration into campus education. Medical Teacher, 42(2), 156-163.
Jansen, R. (2019). Dealing with autonomy. Self-regulated learning in open online education. Dissertatie. Universiteit Utrecht.
Pilli, O., Admiraal, W., & Salli, A. (2018). MOOCs: Innovation or stagnation? Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 169-181.

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 Higher education, ICT , ,

Intercultural Communicative Competence in the Language Classroom: Is this where language education is headed?  0

 July 17, 2019  

Authors: Nivja de Jong and Tessa Mearns (members of Meesterschapsteam MVT)

 

One time is not enough, two times is a trend, and three times is a tradition

In June 2017, the LLRC (Language Learning Resource Centre) was ‘launched’ with a full-day programme by and for language teachers, language teacher educators, and language learning researchers. Most of those present were from Leiden University, unsurprising as the LLRC has as its central aim to bring together language teachers and researchers from the different Leiden University institutes involved in teaching languages: LUCL, LIAS, ATC, ICLON and LUCAS. On June 7th, 2019, the third full-day conference was hosted by the LLRC, this time on the topic of intercultural communicative competence with a focus on higher education. Professor Michael Byram (emeritus professor, Durham University) was the invited speaker of the day. Anyone who has ever heard of the term “intercultural communicative competence” knows the stature of Prof. Byram. Although again, most people came from Leiden University, both presenters and attendants were now more diverse.

 

“Why should the biologists get all the fun?”

This was a question posed by Prof. Byram during his keynote. He referred to the fact that in CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning), as the acronym already clarifies, it is usual to teach content whilst teaching language. So if biologists teach about biology whilst teaching language, what (fun) topics can and should language teachers use?

When teaching language, students and teacher(s) use language, and this language that is used is always about something. Teachers can to some extent choose the content for which the language will be used. If we agree that being a communicative competent user of a language, also means to understand (something about) the (sub-)culture of the language, it becomes apparent that a form of content in the language classroom can and should be “culture”. So biology teachers do NOT get all the fun. Language teachers can claim an enormous amount of interesting topics to teach, and this in turn will lead to learners that are more interculturally competent and language-aware.

 

A shared vision

The same note was struck in the last lecture of the day, by the Meesterschapsteam MVT, who showed their model on language teaching for the Dutch curriculum: intercultural communicative competence is the core competence, and this core evolves from three overlapping learning outcomes: cultural awareness, language awareness, and language skills, as depicted in the figure below.

 

Figure: Learning outcomes for a content-rich Modern Languages curriculum (adapted from  Meesterschapsteam MVT’s vision on the future of Modern Languages education)

 

A question of ‘perspective’

Apt content to foster these competences can be specified by approaching ‘language’ from different academic perspectives: language as a structural phenomenon, language as a cognitive phenomenon, and language as a cultural phenomenon. Insights from such theoretical models have direct and fun implications for language teachers in their everyday practice. Instead of borrowing topics from other subjects (reading and talking about “panda’s eating bamboo”, “(made-up?) hobbies”, “the environment”), teachers can choose topics that are relevant for language: therefore choosing topics that are about structures of languages (from phonetics to discourse), about cognitive phenomena (from top-down processing while listening to Zipf-distributions or child language learning), about social phenomena (such as status of dialects, the effect of language and its power), and about cultural phenomena (ranging from stereotypes about cultures to literature and other forms of art). Biologist teachers get all the fun? No way! Language teachers get all the fun!

 

Support for a content-rich vision

The rest of the day’s presentations illustrated through practical examples how language teaching can include teaching about culture and developing intercultural competence (ICC). From the multilingual school to partnerships across international borders, language-and-culture-integrated literature teaching, assessment of ICC, to ICC training for university staff and students, the day presented us inspiration from a whole host of research findings and good practices.

Reform can only succeed if there is support at grassroots level. If the attendance and enthusiasm with which this conference was received are anything to go by then perhaps the vision of content-rich language education is not so far off the mark.

 

Next year’s LLRC Day will be held in June 2020 and centre around the theme ‘The interplay between practice, research, and theories in L2 learning’. Keep an eye on the LLRC website for more information.

 

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Op naar 40 jaar inspirerend voor de klas  0

 June 1, 2019  

Het lerarentekort in het primair en voortgezet onderwijs is dagelijks in het nieuws. Scholen sturen vertwijfeld klassen naar huis, onderwijstijd wordt ingekort en beleidsmakers zijn ten einde raad. Lerarenopleidingen worden aangespoord meer beginnende leraren af te leveren, maar mede door het imago van docentschap lukt dat maar mondjesmaat. Je hoort maar weinig over het behoud van leraren voor het beroep, en dan met name van de oudere leraar.

 

Oudere leraren
In de discussies worden oudere leraren steevast weggezet als een groep verzuurde leraren die niets meer willen en geen click meer hebben met hun leerlingen. Uit onder meer de dissertatie van Veldman (2017) naar arbeidstevredenheid van oudere leraren blijkt dat dit maar een klein deel van de waarheid is. Het directe contact met leerlingen is voor de ene leraar wel een bron van tevredenheid met het beroep, maar voor de andere leraar een reden om het aantal uren lesgeven te verminderen, een andere functie in school te ambiëren of het onderwijsberoep zelfs te verlaten.

 

Vier typen
Op basis van gegevens over hun relatie met leerlingen en arbeidstevredenheid in het algemeen onderscheidt Veldman vier typen oudere leraren (met tussen haakjes het aandeel in de gehele steekproef):
1. Positieve overschatters (43%)
2. Positieve onderschatters (36%)
3. Negatieve onderschatters (9%)
4. Negatieve realisten (12%)

 

Positieve overschatters
Positieve overschatters hebben geen reëel beeld van de kwaliteit van de relatie met hun leerlingen. Zij overschatten deze, en dan met name het creëren van een veilig en positief leerklimaat voor leerlingen. Wel zijn zij mede daardoor tevreden met hun werk, met name over de aard van het werk en de ondersteuning door het management. Zij prenten zichzelf in een goede relatie met leerlingen te hebben.

 

Positieve onderschatters

Ook positieve onderschatters hebben geen reëel beeld van de kwaliteit van de relatie met hun leerlingen. Zij onderschatten de kwaliteit van hun relatie met leerlingen, maar leerlingen waarderen de relatie wel positiever dan bij de Positieve overschatters. Dat geldt met name voor het creëren van een veilig en positief leerklimaat voor leerlingen. Mede daardoor zijn de positieve onderschatters tevreden met hun werk, met name over de aard van hun werk en de relatie met collega’s in school. Zij wapenen zich tegen mogelijk negatieve beelden van hun leerlingen.

 

Negatieve onderschatters
En ook de negatieve onderschatters hebben geen reëel beeld van de kwaliteit van de relatie met hun leerlingen. Zij onderschatten hun relatie met leerlingen, die hen vergelijkbaar waarderen als de Positieve overschatters. Verder zijn zij ontevreden over hun werk en dan met name over de aard van het werk en de werkomstandigheden. Zij leggen de schuld van hun ontevredenheid vooral bij externe factoren in school en bij de overheid.

 

Negatieve realisten
De negatieve realisten, ten slotte, vormen de enige groep leraren met een reëel beeld van de kwaliteit van de relatie met hun leerlingen. Zowel de leraren als hun leerlingen waarderen de relatie laag, terwijl de leraren ook weinig ambities hebben op het vlak van de relatie met leerlingen. Verder zijn deze leraren ontevreden over hun werk en dan met name over de aard van hun werk. Over andere zaken, zoals relatie met collega’s, werkomstandigheden en ondersteuning door het management, zijn zij tevreden. Zij hechten meer waarde aan andere aspecten van het beroep van docent dan het direct onderwijzen van leerlingen.

 

Dus…
Ongeveer 10% van de oudere leraren uit de typologie lijkt op het stereotype beeld dat wordt geschetst. Maar voor de overige 90% van de oudere leraren lijken er voldoende mogelijkheden om hen voor het beroep van leraar te behouden. Oudere leraren kunnen worden begeleid in het helder krijgen wat hen nog drijft als leraar (negatief realisten), in het formuleren van meer realistische ambities waardoor zij meer werkvreugde halen uit hun relatie met leerlingen (negatieve onderschatters) of beter gebruik maken van de kwaliteit van de relatie (positieve overschatters), en in het verkrijgen van meer zelfvertrouwen in de relatie met hun leerlingen (positieve onderschatters).

Meer ondersteuning en facilitering van oudere leraren kunnen oudere leraren helpen om de interactie met hun leerlingen te herwaarderen, een weloverwogen keuze te maken om vanuit een positieve motivatie iets anders te gaan doen dan lesgeven en (opnieuw) te motiveren voor het beroep van docent. In beleidsmaatregelen rond het reduceren van het lerarentekort zou hiervoor veel meer aandacht moeten komen.

 

Literatuur
Admiraal, W., Veldman, I., Mainhard, T., & Tartwijk, J van. (2019). A typology of veteran teachers’ job satisfaction: Their relationships with their students and the nature of their work. Social Psychology of Education, 22(2), 337-355.

Veldman, I. (2017). Stay or leave? Veteran teachers’ relationship with students and job satisfaction. Academisch proefschrift Universiteit Leiden.

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 Schools, Teacher education, teachers

Research into CLIL and Bilingual Education in the Netherlands: Where do we go from here?  0

 February 18, 2019  

My first encounter with bilingual secondary education (tweetalig onderwijs, or tto) was when I moved to the Netherlands in 2009, as a young and enthusiastic language teacher. Considering my already blossoming interest in Content & Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) at that time, I felt I had hit the linguistic jackpot. It seemed like pupils in Dutch bilingual schools were being offered the ultimate language-learning opportunity and I wholeheartedly embraced the opportunity to become part of the tto community.

 

Nine years on, Rick de Graaff and I had the honour of editing the Winter 2018 edition of the Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics (DuJAL), which was dedicated to research in the field of CLIL and Bilingual Education in the Netherlands. Publication of this issue is timely considering that 2019 is the year that will not only see tto celebrate its 30th birthday, but also the year of the introduction of ‘tto 2.0’. Tto has a long-standing relationship with research which will hopefully continue into this new era.  I agree, however, with Dominik Rumlich’s comment from his ‘outsider’ perspective on the special issue that there is still much ground that can be covered. He goes into depth on a number of excellent pathways for future research, but I believe that there are even more directions we could head in.

 

So where do we go from here?

A young participant in my own research commented recently that tto is about so much more than just learning school subjects in English. In the light of the upcoming changes to bilingual education, it may also be time for research to distinguish more clearly between CLIL and other aspects of tto, such as global citizenship and personal development. Furthermore, as schools investigate approaches to teaching and learning that reposition the roles of teachers and learners (e.g. personalized learning), it might be valuable to investigate the viability of ‘traditional’ understandings of CLIL methodologies in such contexts, or whether these too need rethinking. A first step in this direction might be the investigation of whether a pluriliteracies approach as advocated by the Graz Group might suit the Dutch context, or whether a new, context-specific definition of CLIL might be more appropriate.

 

New contexts, new opportunities

Alongside developments within tto itself, bilingual education continues to spread to other areas of education, with the first research projects into bilingual primary education currently underway, and an increasing number of colleges of further education adopting a new variant of the approach. This comes amidst a fierce debate regarding the Anglicisation of higher education and a recent call for universities to follow the pedagogical examples set by tto and CLIL. These developments into different areas of education may lead to new strands of research altogether, creating room for expansion of the Dutch CLIL research community. In a different area of higher education, the Netherlands is host to a number of specialized teacher education tracks at both higher vocational and university level (for example Leiden’s own World Teachers Programme), and it seems a missed opportunity not to investigate how we can most effectively prepare new teachers for the demands that await them.

 

Breaking the CLIL monopoly

The final area that stands out for me in terms of further avenues for CLIL research relates to my own baggage: that of the young, enthusiastic language teacher who could not (and still cannot) believe her luck at falling into the lap of tto. In Anglophone countries, CLIL is often the domain of the language teacher and not of the teacher of Chemistry, History or PE. This raises the question as to whether there might be room in Dutch CLIL research for approaches to integrating content into the broader language curriculum, in order to bring the benefits of this rich approach to language learning to a broader, more inclusive audience. Belgian CLIL could be a source of inspiration for this: as illustrated during the CLIL Connect Conference in Brussels this month, a key difference between our two contexts is that CLIL in the Belgian context is not restricted to English.

 

As I enter my tenth year in the Netherlands and of my relationship with her unique bilingual education paradigm, it strikes me that Dutch research in our field – while undoubtedly impressive – really is just getting started. I, for one, am excited to see where the next ten years will take us.

 

Access the DuJAL Special Issue on CLIL and Bilingual Education via https://benjamins.com/catalog/dujal.7.2.

 

For more thoughts on the potential for more content in the Modern Foreign Languages curriculum, see the website of the Meesterschapsteam mvt at https://modernevreemdetalen.vakdidactiekgw.nl/2018/03/30/visietekst-meesterschapsteam-voor-curriculum-nu/ (in Dutch).

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 Schools , , , ,

De complexiteit van het organiseren van ruimte  0

 December 14, 2018  

In november verscheen in het tijdschrift Pedagogische Studien een themanummer over de professionele ruimte van leraren in het Voortgezet Onderwijs. Hoewel het onderzoek waarover wordt gerapporteerd in dit themanummer bijna 2 jaar geleden werd afgerond, is het thema nog steeds actueel. Ongeveer gelijktijdig verscheen namelijk het rapport ‘Ruim baan voor leraren’ van de Onderwijsraad en het advies van Rinnooy Kan ‘Verkenning leraren’, waarin wordt gesteld dat leraren vrijheid moeten krijgen bij de invulling van docentprofessionalisering. Uit de titels van deze drie publicaties (ruimte, ruim baan, vrijheid) zou je gemakkelijk kunnen afleiden dat het momenteel niet goed gaat met de ruimte/vrijheid van leraren in Nederland.

Is dat zo? In het themanummer van PS wordt de ervaren professionele ruimte van leraren in het voortgezet onderwijs onderzocht in de context van drie professionaliseringinitiatieven (Professionele Leergemeenschappen, Traineeships voor beginnende docenten en de Promotiebeurs voor leraren). Ook wordt het perspectief op professionele ruimte van schoolleiders onderzocht. Uit de vier bijdragen blijkt, kort samengevat, dat leraren in voortgezet onderwijs wel degelijk ruimte ervaren om te werken aan de ontwikkeling van de eigen onderwijspraktijk (individuele ontwikkeling), maar dat de ambitie tot olievlekwerking van eigen ideeën voor het verbeteren van de onderwijspraktijk naar collega’s niet zonder meer te realiseren is. De schoolleiding heeft hierin de uitdagende taak om de schoolorganisatie zo te ontwerpen dat docenten ruimte krijgen en kunnen nemen.

In de discussiebijdrage stelt Joseph Kessels dat er (te?) vaak naar ontwikkelingen in het onderwijs (waaronder docentprofessionalisering) wordt gekeken vanuit afzonderlijke elementen. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn werkdruk, motivatie, leercultuur, etc. Hij pleit voor het kijken naar scholen “als ecologische systemen, waarin niet de afzonderlijke interventies tot specifieke resultaten leiden, maar wel het complexe proces van diverse op elkaar inwerkende dynamische bewegingen”. Ook bespreekt hij dat huidige initiatieven in het kader van docentprofessionalisering veelal zijn gericht op de individuele docent waardoor ruimte om bij te dragen aan de schoolontwikkeling in het gedrang komt. Om dit (beter) te realiseren is een herontwerp van de schoolorganisatie nodig, waarin samenwerking tussen collega’s ten behoeve van het primaire proces vanzelfsprekend is in plaats van dat het door leraren als ‘extra’  wordt ervaren. Dit kan door het individuele lesgeven in klassen volgens een voorgeschreven lesrooster met verplichte leerstof te vervangen door vormen van onderwijs waarbij geredeneerd wordt vanuit de autonomie (of ruimte?) van de leerling.

Tot een dergelijk drastisch herontwerp van de huidige organisaties zal het niet snel komen. Wat mij betreft is het wel een oproep om als onderzoekers in nauwe samenwerking met de onderwijspraktijk de ambitie op te pakken een realistisch herontwerp van schoolorganisaties verder vorm te geven in de toekomst!

 

Link naar het themanummer: http://www.pedagogischestudien.nl/home

 

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What I learned from systems thinking – Alma Kuijpers  0

 October 29, 2018  

How to solve teacher shortage

About two years ago, I started as a post-doc researcher at ICLON to study the effectivity of the Minor in Teaching, an undergraduate teaching module aimed at attracting academic students to a career in teaching, especially in the STEM area. Coming from a chemistry background with experience in the food industry, I switched to education about ten years ago and worked as a lecturer in chemistry before starting this research project. To get an idea of the problem of concern, I started a broad exploration by gathering a large variety of information: all kinds of relevant reports, interviews with students and teacher educators, student entry data from STEM subjects and teacher education tracks. All these data were visualized in a sort of flow chart, showing the flow of STEM students into the academic teacher education (the Dutch academic teacher education follows a consecutive route), together with all kinds of possible problems and obstructions.

 

About that time, Fred Janssen attended me to systems thinking. I started reading The Fifth Discipline by Peter Senge (2006) and Thinking in Systems by Donella Meadows (2009), and realized that systems thinking provided a suitable framework for my data on the effectivity of the Minor in Teaching. Since its development in the 1970’s and 1980’s, systems thinking has evolved more into a management strategy than a research methodology, however, the methodology addresses complex problems by looking at the whole system of concern and identifying interrelations and patterns of change. Understanding of how the system works will enable identification of leverage points, which are places in a system where a small change will lead to a large shift in behavior. The research data from the Minor in Teaching could easily be structured into a systems thinking framework, and analyzing the student flow patterns in relation to the purpose of the Minor in Teaching led to promising leverage points.

 

In my opinion systems thinking is a valuable methodology for educational research in general, especially when interventions are concerned. Education is always a complex system, with many stakeholders at different levels, many functions and many interactions. Especially when dealing with a wide variety of complex, mixed-method research data, it could be useful to take a systems thinking approach to define the educational system of concern to integrate the results and identify meaningful interrelations and change patterns. With regard to sustainability of interventions, systems thinking provides a hierarchy of leverage points from weak to strong, enabling prioritization of leverage points.

 

What made systems thinking even more valuable to me personally, is that it gave me a foundation how to think about complex problems in general, and teacher shortage in particular. In the Netherlands, interventions aimed at resolving teacher shortage have not had any effect, since the number of STEM students entering the academic teacher education remained constant over the last ten years. According to systems thinking this is a “shifting the burden” archetype: interventions address only “problem symptoms” instead of providing “fundamental solutions”. So what is the fundamental problem of the academic teacher education in the Netherlands? In a consecutive system, only STEM graduates are admitted to the teacher training program, but these students are not necessarily interested in teaching as a profession. The fundamental solution is to increase the interest of STEM students in teaching as a career. Systems thinking learned me that complex problems don’t have simple, short-term solutions but need structural solutions to fundamental problems which require a long-term vision and changing mental models across the organization.

 

References

Meadows, D. H. (2009). Thinking in systems – a primer (Ed. D. Wright). London: Earthscan
Senge, P. M. (2006). The fifth discipline – the art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.

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Onderwijs met ict moet anders. Het roer moet om!  1

 April 21, 2018  

Docenten geven les met tablets en smartphones zoals zij altijd al deden. Afgelopen weekend bezocht ik de jaarlijkse IADIS mobile learning conference in Lissabon (http://mlearning-conf.org/). Een kleine onderzoeksconferentie met als focus mobiele technologie die het leren en onderwijzen ondersteunt. Veel presentaties zoals ruim 10 jaar geleden: mooie ict-projecten, opgezet door onderzoekers en ontwerpers, die vooral buiten het reguliere curriculum plaatsvinden. Veel betere techniek dan 10 jaar geleden, dat wel. Draadloos internet, tablets en smartphones zijn niet meer weg te denken uit de maatschappij, de school en het klasklokaal. Maar allemaal niet als onderdeel van de reguliere lespraktijk van docenten.

Doorbraak

Dat hoopte we met het onderzoek in het kader vaan Doorbraak ICT en onderwijs te doorbreken (https://leerling2020.nl/landelijk-onderzoek). In dit project hebben docenten uit het primair en voortgezet onderwijs experimentjes uitgevoerd in hun eigen lespraktijk om met ict gepersonaliseerd leren van leerlingen te faciliteren. Resultaten van dit onderzoek heb ik op de IADIS gepresenteerd. Maar wat wil het geval: overall gezien zien we van de interventies weinig of geen effecten op de prestaties, de motivatie en zelfregulering van leerlingen in het voortgezet onderwijs. Kort door de bocht:

  1. docenten passen hun experimentjes aan het rooster, curriculum en structuur waarin zij (behoren te) functioneren en doen dus wat ze altijd al deden, maar nu met mobiele technologie en
  2. het mobiele karakter van de ingezette smartphones, tablets en laptops wordt niet benut. Geen omgevingsonderwijs; leerlingen blijven in de klas en op school, op hun vaste plek. Het boek en de reader zijn vervangen door een tablet en de digitale leeromgeving.

 

Docentprofessionalisering?

Om dit te veranderen wordt vaak geroepen dat we meer moeten investeren in de professionele ontwikkeling van docenten. Eerlijk gezegd is dat ook een belangrijke suggestie die wij in het onderzoeksrapport hebben opgenomen. Maar het is de vraag of dit gaat helpen. En valt de docent wel wat te verwijten? Docenten passen hun projecten aan aan de reguliere methode en systematiek omdat zij hierop worden aangesproken. Er moet voldoende contacttijd zijn en alle geplande leerstof moet worden behandeld. Bovendien hebben docenten beperkt tijd hebben om andere dingen te doen dan lesgeven; niet-lestijd gaat op aan voor- en nawerk, administratieve klussen en overleggen met je collega’s.

 

Het roer moet om

Willen we een doorbraak bereiken in onderwijs moet het systeem om: meer ruimte (tijd, veiligheid en kunde) om onderwijs te vernieuwen, met ict of op andere manieren. Het roer moet om. Als wij kunnen aantonen in meer dan 40 interventies met meer dan 6000 leerlingen uit ruim 30 scholen voor voortgezet onderwijs dat het overall weinig uitmaakte of en hoe docenten gepersonaliseerd leren met ict in hun onderwijs inzetten, is het tijd voor actie! En dat is niet het afschuiven op de kwaliteit van docenten. Goed gebruik van de ict die nu beschikbaar is en moderne ideeën over hoe je leerprocessen van alle leerlingen kunt ondersteunen vereisen een grotere ingreep in het systeem:

  • Weg met onderwijs in kleine schoolvakken, maar onderwijs in grotere vakdomeinen en multidisciplinaire thema’s
  • Weg met individueel lesgeven, maar team teaching om ook ruimte te geven voor experimenten en leren van elkaar
  • Weg met het roosteren van al het onderwijs in contacturen, maar ruimte voor projectonderwijs, in en buiten de school, in de maatschappij en bedrijven

 

Geef docenten en leerlingen meer ruimte om onderwijs in te richten zoals zij dat willen.

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Conference season kick-off  1

 March 29, 2018  

The tallest building was our conference venue – not bad!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After a quiet wintertime, the conference season has officially started! As a researcher, you experience certain peak-times during the year, which are often related to… conferences. For example, in August we usually have to submit papers for international conferences. In January, we submit papers for national conferences held in summer. And just before the international conferences which usually start in April, we have to finish our analyses, write papers and prepare for meetings with our international colleagues who are sometimes our advisors, co-authors or make up our reference-list.

As a lot of ICLON researchers will attend AERA (American Educational Research Association) in New York this year, I will write this blog about a different conference which not so many ICLONners attended: the NARST (National Association for Research in Science Teaching) in Atlanta, US.

Luckily, I was not totally on my own in Atlanta. Because I also have supervisors and colleagues from Delft, we traveled together. With two of my colleagues, we boarded a direct flight to Atlanta on March 8th, 2018. The all-American man sitting two rows behind us was a little disappointed when we told him we were attending a conference (he might have expected something more exciting), but nonetheless told us to “not let them cowboys snatch you up!”.

 

Our view from Amsterdam to Atlanta.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

On our first day in Atlanta, the conference had not started and we did some sightseeing. Although Atlanta is known for many things (Martin Luther King, World of Coca Cola, Say Yes to the Dress, and according to Google the nicest tree-house AirBnB), we decided to go to the Georgia Aquarium, which has an almost 24-million-liter water tank hosting four giant whale sharks, several manta rays and loads of fish. Upon return to our hotel, we ironed our clothes and refined our presentations, as the next day, the conference would start.

 

Breakfast at the Waffle House – not so healthy but a must-do for the all-American experience!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Whale sharks in the Georgia Aquarium.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I had a great time presenting my research in a symposium hosted by my promotor, Jan van Driel, and the three other presenters which I had already met once at the PCK summit. During the conference, there were a lot of presentations by PCK researchers, and it was very informative. Gradually, I met a lot of people who I formerly just knew from their names, which often appeared on my reference list (for example Tamara Moore, Selcen Guzey, Barbara Crawford, Kennedy Chan). If anyone wants more information on the presentations given at NARST, I’d be happy to inform you!

 

I held my presentation during the last session of the first day. Photo by Dury Bayram.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I study the integration of engineering design activities and research activities (or scientific inquiry, as most American researchers call it), and this was the first conference where there were so many presentations and sessions on this topic. I feel that this topic might be more prominently addressed in American education as the National Research Council and the Next Generation Science Standards have also placed emphasis on the combination of research and design in STEM. The Dutch subject O&O (Onderzoeken & Ontwerpen, the Dutch abbreviation for Research & Design) which forms the context of the study I presented, also gained a lot of interest among international researchers.

 

View over Atlanta.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After four days of conference, and 6 days in Atlanta, I flew home feeling very content with such a productive conference. At this moment, I am still having email conversations with people I met there. It was my first time in the US and my first time at the NARST, and I can really recommend this conference if you’re working on science education as well!

 

Anyone fancy a souvenir…?

 

 

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